Chapter 02 – Shloka 55

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Shloka: 

श्रीभगवानुवाच-

प्रजहाति यदा कामान्सर्वान्पार्थ मनोगतान् ।
आत्मन्येवात्मना तुष्टः स्थितप्रज्ञस्तदोच्यते ॥

Step 1: संधि विच्छेद

Simplifying the Shloka by splitting the compound words (shown in colored fonts).

प्रजहाति यदा कामान् सर्वान् पार्थ मनोगतान् ।
आत्मनि एव आत्मना तुष्टः स्थितप्रज्ञः तदा उच्यते ॥

The following sandhis are seen in this Shloka.

नि + ए = न्ये

व + आ = वा

ज्ञः + त = ज्ञस्त

दा + उ = दो

There are two Sandhis each in two words of the Shloka. Totally four Sandhis are present in the Shloka.

Step 2: Word by word interpretation

The first line of the Shloka has the verb  ‘प्रजहाति’ having an implied 3rd person as a subject. The second line has the verb ‘उच्यते’ having ‘स्थितप्रज्ञः’ as its subject. 

With this background, let’s have a closer look at each word in the Shloka.

प्रजहाति – The root word is the verb ‘हा’ prefixed by प्र – the meaning of the verb is ‘to give up’ in English and ‘त्याग करना’ in Hindi.

The verb is a Class-3 verb and is in the ‘लट् लकार’ or present tense. The 3rd Person, singular form is applied. The Dhatu Roop are as follows:

जहाति

जहीतः जहितः

जहति

यदा – An Avyaya meaning ‘when’ in English and ‘जब’ in Hindi.

कामान् – Object of the verb ‘प्रजहाति’ and hence the 2nd Vibhakti is applied. The meaning of the word is ‘desires’ in English and ‘कामनाएं’ in Hindi. The root word is the masculine gender word ‘काम’ and hence the Shabd Roop will be like ‘बाल’ in the plural form.

बालम्

बालौ

बालान्

सर्वान् – Root word is ‘सर्व’ meaning ‘all’ in English and ‘सब’ in Hindi. Since the word is an adjective of ‘कामान्’ the same Vibhakti, gender and vachan shall apply. The Shabd Roop will be like ‘बाल’, which are already provided earlier.

पार्थ – Another name of Arjuna, used as Sambodhan form to address Arjuna.

मनोगतान् – Root word is ‘मनोगत’ meaning ‘which comes to mind’ in English and ‘मन में आई ‘ in Hindi. Since the word is an adjective of ‘कामान्’ the same Vibhakti, gender and vachan shall apply. The Shabd Roop will be like ‘बाल’, which are already provided earlier.

Along with the related adjectives and noun, the complete phrase कामान् सर्वान् मनोगतान् means ‘all the desires that come to mind’.

आत्मनि – Root word is the masculine gender word ‘आत्मन्’, meaning ‘soul’ or ‘one’s own self’ in English. The 7th Vibhakti, in Singular form is applied here indicating the use of preposition. Hence the word means ‘in one’s own self’ in English and ‘अपने आप में’ in Hindi.

The Shabd Roop are as follows:

आत्मनि

आत्मनोः

आत्मसु

एव – An Avyaya meaning ‘ही’ in Hindi and ‘only’ in English.

आत्मना – Again the root word is the masculine gender word ‘आत्मन्’, meaning ‘soul’ or ‘one’s own self’ in English. The 3rd Vibhakti, in Singular form is applied here indicating the use of the word ‘by’. Hence the word means ‘by one’s own self’ in English and ‘अपने आप से’ in Hindi.

The Shabd Roop are as follows:

आत्मना

आत्मभ्याम्

आत्मभिः

तुष्टः – Masculine gender noun in 1st Vibhakti, singular form meaning ‘satisfied’ in English and ‘संतुष्ट’ in Hindi. The root word is तुष्ट and the Shand Roop will be similar to ‘बाल’. The 1st Vibhakti, singular form is applicable as the word is a subject of an implied verb ‘भवति’.

This shloka is describing what a ‘स्थितप्रज्ञ’ person is, and the Shloka is implicitly talking of such a person. The word तुष्टः in that case becomes an adjective to the स्थितप्रज्ञ person in the Shloka.

The Shabd Roop will be as follows:

बालः

बालौ

बालाः

स्थितप्रज्ञः – Again the word is in 1st Vibhakti, singular form. The root word is ‘स्थितप्रज्ञ’ meaning ‘a person settled in mind and meditation’. The word is an adjective of an implicit ‘सः’ (meaning in this sense उसको in Hindi and “him” in English.)

Strictly speaking this word is a कर्म and not a कर्ता, but still the 1st Vibhakti form applies as the verb ‘उच्यते’ is in कर्मणि form. कर्मणि forms are like passive voice, and while in English we say the object becomes a subject in passive voice, a similar concept is applicable in Sanskrit by letting the कर्म take the 1st Vibhakti instead of the usual 2nd Vibhakti.

The Shabd roop will be same as ‘बाल’ and as the same has been reproduced above, it is not being repeated again.

तदा – An Avyaya meaning ‘then’ in English and ‘तब’ in Hindi. Generally always accompanies the word ‘यदा’

उच्यते – Root word is the verb ‘वच्’, meaning “to say” in English or ‘कहना’ in Hindi, and it is in the लट् लकार, 3rd Person, singular case. The verb as mentioned earlier is in कर्मणि form.

The Dhatu Roop are as follows:

उच्यते

उच्येते

उच्यन्ते

Step 3: Rearrangement of the Shloka & Stitching it all together

The rearranged and translated lines for interpretation as per the sequence of Hindi language are as follows.

पार्थ यदा सर्वान् मनोगतान् कामान् प्रजहाति आत्मनि आत्मना एव तुष्टः (भवति) तदा (सः) स्थितप्रज्ञः उच्यते ॥

हे पार्थ ! जब (कोई) सभी मन में आती कामनाओं को त्याग देता है (और) अपने आप में ही संतुष्ट (होता है) तब (उसको) स्थितप्रज्ञ कहते हैं

Notice in the Hindi translation we are using उसको which should ordinarily have traslated into 2nd Vibhakti, but in the Sanskrit form the 1st Vibhakti is applied as the verb is in the कर्मणि form .

Apart from this, the Hindi translations are quite easy to follow for this Shloka.

In English the translations will be as follows:

पार्थ यदा प्रजहाति सर्वान् कामान् मनोगतान् (भवति) तुष्टः आत्मनि आत्मना एव तदा (सः) उच्यते स्थितप्रज्ञः

Oh Parth! When (someone) lets go off all wishes coming in the mind (and) (is) satisfied with oneself only then (he) is called steady of mind!

The English translations are also simple to follow. To represent उच्यते correctly, passive voice has been used.

Chapter 02 – Shloka 53

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Shloka: 

श्रुतिविप्रतिपन्ना ते यदा स्थास्यति निश्चला ।
समाधावचला बुद्धिस्तदा योगमवाप्स्यसि ॥

Step 1: संधि विच्छेद

Simplifying the Shloka by splitting the compound words (shown in colored fonts).

श्रुतिविप्रतिपन्ना ते यदा स्थास्यति निश्चला । 
समाधौ अचला बुद्धिः तदा योगम् अवाप्स्यसि ॥

The following sandhis are seen in this Shloka.

धौ + अ = धाव

द्धिः + त = द्धिस्त

म् + अ = म

All the Sandhis are trivial Sandhis in this Shloka, therefore no further explanation is given.

Step 2: Word by word interpretation

The first line of the Shloka has a verb  ‘स्थास्यति’ having ‘बुद्धिः’ as its subject. The second line has the verb ‘अवाप्स्यसि’ having ‘त्वं’ as its implicit subject. 

With this background, let’s have a closer look at each word in the Shloka.

श्रुतिविप्रतिपन्ना – Adjective of बुद्धि and hence the same Vibhakti, gender and vachan are applicable. The meaning of the word is ‘distracted by Vedas’ in English and ‘वेद से विचलित’ in Hindi.

The word ‘श्रुति’ is used for Vedas here – श्रुति generally means that which has been heard directly – or revealed, and Vedas come under that category. Traditionally it is believed Vedas have no author, they were revealed directly. Why should the mind be distracted by Vedas? My guess is that Lord Krishna in this Shloka refers to the ‘कर्म काण्ड’ or the ritualistic aspect of Vedas which prescribe various sacrifices to gain specific results. 

The 1st Vibhakti, feminine gender, singular form is applicable as the word is an adjective of ‘बुद्धिः’. Shabd Roop will be like ‘लता’

लता

लते

लताः

ते – 6th Vibhakti, singular form of the 2nd person pronoun ‘युष्मद्’ – in the 6th Vibhakti the word would mean ‘your’ in English and ‘तुम्हारा / तुम्हारी’ in Hindi.

The Shabd Roop will be as follows:

तव, ते

युवयोः, वाम्

युष्माकम्, वः

यदा – An Avyaya meaning ‘when’ in English and ‘जब’ in Hindi. We encountered the same word is previous Shloka also. 

स्थास्यति – The root word is the Dhatu ‘स्था’ meaning ‘stay’ in English. The 3rd Person, singular form of future tense (‘लृट् लकार’) is used. The Dhatu Roop will be as follows:

स्थास्यति

स्थास्यतः

स्थास्यन्ति

निश्चला – An adjective of ‘बुद्धिः’ and hence takes the same Vibhakti, Vachan and gender as the noun. The meaning of the word is ‘stable’ in English. Hindi translation is not required as the same word exists in Hindi as well. The Shabd Roop will be like ‘लता’ and the 1st Vibhakti, singular form is applicable.

लता

लते

लताः

समाधौ – The root word is ‘समाधि’ and this is the 7th Vibhakti of the feminine gender word. The 7th Vibhakti lends the sense of preposition to the noun and hence the word means ‘in samadhi’ or ‘in meditation’ in English. In Hindi the word means ‘समाधि में’.

The Shabd Roop will be like ‘मति’

मतौ, मत्याम्

मत्योः

मतिषु

अचला – Again an adjective of ‘बुद्धिः’ and hence the same Vibhakti, vachan and gender applies to the word. Shabd Roop are identical to निश्चला. The meaning of the word is ‘firm’ in English. The Hindi meaning is not required as the word exists in Hindi as well. 

बुद्धिः – Subject of the verb ‘स्थास्यति’ and hence 1st Vibhakti is applicable. Additionally, the feminine gender and singular form is used. The meaning of the word is ‘intelligence’ in English. The Shabd Roop will be like ‘मति’

मतिः

मती

मतयः

तदा – An Avyaya meaning ‘then’ in English and ‘तब’ in Hindi. We encountered the same word is previous Shloka also. This word generally accompanies ‘यदा’.

योगम् – Object of the verb ‘अवाप्स्यसि’ and hence the 2nd Vibhakti is applied. The Shabd Roop will be like ‘बाल’.

बालम्

बालौ

बालान्

अवाप्स्यसि – The root word is the verb ‘आप्’ with the prefix ‘अव’, the meaning of the verb is ‘to gain’. The future tense (‘लृट् लकार’) 2nd person, singular form is used. As the 2nd person singular form is used, the subject is known to be ‘त्वम्’ even though it is not explicitly mentioned. 

The Dhatu Roop will be as follows:

आप्स्यसि

आप्स्यथः

आप्स्यथ

Step 3: Rearrangement of the Shloka & Stitching it all together

The rearranged and translated lines for interpretation as per the sequence of Hindi language are as follows.

यदा श्रुतिविप्रतिपन्ना ते बुद्धिः समाधौ निश्चला अचला  स्थास्यति तदा (त्वम्) योगम् अवाप्स्यसि ॥

जब शास्त्र से विचलित तुम्हारी बुद्धि निश्चल और अचल हो जायगी   तब (तुम) योग को प्राप्त करोगे

The phrase ‘हो जायगी’ is used for ‘स्थास्यति ‘ which is not very accurate. The exact meaning of the verb is ‘स्थित हो जायगी’, but in this usage it doesn’t  fit well in the Hindi translation.

In English the translations will be as follows:

यदा ते बुद्धिः श्रुतिविप्रतिपन्ना समाधौ स्थास्यति निश्चला अचला (बुद्धिः)  तदा (त्वम्) अवाप्स्यसि  (ज्ञानम्) योगम्

When your intellect confused by scriptures will, in meditation, settle at a steady and firm (intellect)  Then (you) will gain (knowledge of) Yoga.

The future tense ‘will settle’ is interspersed with the phrase ‘in meditation’ to account for the preposition kind of usage of समाधौ. Otherwise, the translation is quite accurate syntactically.

Chapter 02 – Shloka 52

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Shloka: 

यदा ते मोहकलिलं बुद्धिर्व्यतितरिष्यति ।
तदा गन्तासि निर्वेदं श्रोतव्यस्य श्रुतस्य च॥

Step 1: संधि विच्छेद

Simplifying the Shloka by splitting the compound words (shown in colored fonts).

यदा ते मोहकलिलम् बुद्धिः व्यतितरिष्यति ।
तदा गन्तासि निर्वेदम् श्रोतव्यस्य श्रुतस्य च ॥

The following sandhis are seen in this Shloka.

द्धिः + व्य = द्धिर्व्य

Only one Sandhi in this Shloka.

Step 2: Word by word interpretation

The first line of the Shloka has a verb  ‘व्यतितरिष्यति’ having ‘बुद्धिः’ as its subject. The second line has the verb ‘गन्तासि’ having ‘त्वं’ as its implicit subject. 

With this background, let’s have a closer look at each word in the Shloka.

यदा – An Avyaya meaning ‘when’ in English and ‘जब’ in Hindi.

ते – 6th Vibhakti, singular form of the 2nd person pronoun ‘युष्मद्’ – in the 6th Vibhakti the word would mean ‘your’ in English and ‘तुम्हारा / तुम्हारी’ in Hindi.

The Shabd Roop will be as follows:

तव, ते

युवयोः, वाम्

युष्माकम्, वः

मोहकलिलम् – 2nd Vibhakti, singular form in the neuter gender. Object of the verb ‘व्यतितरिष्यति’ and hence the 2nd Vibhakti is applicable. The meaning of the word is ‘the mire of delusion’ – there is no clear equivalent noun for the same in English. In Hindi the same word means ‘मोह के दलदल को’

The Shabd Roop will be as follows:

फलम्

फले

फलानि

बुद्धिः – Subject of the verb ‘व्यतितरिष्यति’ and hence the 1st Vibhakti is applicable. The word is in the feminine gender and singular form is applied. We already now its meaning to be ‘intelligence’. The Shabd Roop will be like मति and are given as follows:

मतिः

मती

मतयः

व्यतितरिष्यति – Verb in the लृट् लकार which is used for the future tense. The root verb is ‘तॄ’ which has the prefix व्यति attached to it. The meaning of the word in future tense is ‘will cross’ in English and ‘तर जाएगी’ in Hindi.

The 3rd Person, singular form is additionally applied and the Dhatu Roop will be as follows. Note the Dhatu Roop are similar to that of ‘पठ्’ Dhatu.

तरीष्यति

तरीष्यतः

तरीष्यन्ति

तदा – An Avyaya meaning ‘then’ in English and ‘तब’ in Hindi. यदा and तदा are used as a corollary to each other.

गन्तासि – This is ‘लुट् लकार’ of गम् Dhatu  – the लुट् लकार is अनद्यतन future tense, which is used for events of an indefinite future (not within fixed time).  The meaning of the गम् Dhatu is ‘to go’ and the word is in 2nd Person and singular form. Hence the word ‘त्वं’ is an implicit subject of the verb.

The Dhatu Roop will be as follows:

गन्तासि

गन्तास्थः

गन्तास्थ

निर्वेदम् – Object of the verb ‘गन्तासि’ and hence the 2nd Vibhakti is applied. Singular form and masculine gender are additionally applicable. The meaning of the word is ‘renunciation’ in English and ‘वैराग्य को’ in Hindi.

The Shabd Roop will be like ‘बाल’

बालम्

बालौ

बालान्

 

श्रोतव्यस्य – 6th Vibhakti, singular form of the neuter gender ‘श्रोतव्य’ meaning ‘that which is yet to be heard’ and ‘सुनने में आने वाली’ in Hindi. There is no single word for this term both in English and Hindi and hence we shall have to do with some poor translations in this case.

The Shabd Roop will be like ‘ फल’ 

फलस्य

फलयोः

फलानाम्

श्रुतस्य – Again the word is in 6th Vibhakti, singular form of the neuter gender ‘श्रुत’ -meaning ‘that which is heard’ and ‘सुनी हुई’ in Hindi. 

Incidentally the context continues from the previous Shlokas and both श्रोतव्यस्य and श्रुतस्य are pointing towards fruits of actions or ‘कर्म फल’ and hence the phrase श्रोतव्यस्य श्रुतस्य would mean ‘of fruits of action that are heard and not yet heard of’.

The Shabd Roop will be exactly like the previous word and hence is not reproduced again.

च – Avyaya meaning ‘and’ in English.

Step 3: Rearrangement of the Shloka & Stitching it all together

The rearranged and translated lines for interpretation as per the sequence of Hindi language are as follows.

यदा ते बुद्धिः मोहकलिलम् व्यतितरिष्यति  तदा (त्वं) श्रुतस्य श्रोतव्यस्य च (फलस्य) निर्वेदम् गन्तासि

जब तुम्हारी बुद्धि मोह के दलदल को तर जाएगी  तब (तुम) सुने और सुने जाने वाले (फलों) की ओर वैराग्य प्राप्त करोगे

The phrase ‘की ओर’ is used to give nearest possible equivalence to the 6th Vibhakti usage – syntactically this may not be very accurate. 

In English the translations will be as follows:

यदा ते बुद्धिः व्यतितरिष्यति मोहकलिलम्   तदा (त्वं) गन्तासि निर्वेदम् श्रुतस्य श्रोतव्यस्य च (फलस्य)

When your intellect will cross over the mire of delusion Then (you) will go towards renunciation for heard and yet to be heard (fruits of action)

The ‘गम्’ dhatu which is generally used for the verb ‘go’ does not translate very well in this sense of the Shloka. The phrase ‘go towards’ is not very accurate in meaning and to get the actual meaning ‘gain renunication’ is a better substitute.