Shloka:
श्रीभगवानुवाच।
अशोच्यानन्वशोचस्त्वं प्रज्ञावादांश्च भाषसे ।
गतासूनगतासूंश्च नानुशोचन्ति पण्डिताः ॥
Step 1: संधि विच्छेद
Simplifying the Shloka by splitting the compound words (shown in colored fonts).
अशोच्यान् अन्वशोचः त्वम् प्रज्ञावादान् च भाषसे ।
गतासून् अगतासून् च न अनुशोचन्ति पण्डिताः ॥
The following Sandhis are seen here
न् + अ = न
: + त्व = स्त्व
न् + च = ांश्च
न + अ = ना
Note: A couple of Sandhis are repeated twice in the Shloka and I have mentioned them only once.
Step 2: Word by word interpretation
This Shloka had verb forms which were not easily recognizable for me. Especially अन्वशोचः and अनुशोचन्ति – both of them had ‘अनु’ prefix added to them which made it a little difficult to spot the actual verb form.
Thanks to the timely help from Amit to my SOS that I was able to complete this Shloka in time.
Finally the following three verb forms in the Shloka were spotted:
- अन्वशोचः – Having अशोच्यान् as its object and त्वम् as its subject.
- भाषसे – Having त्वम् as its implied subject and प्रज्ञावादान् as it object
- अनुशोचन्ति – Having पण्डिताः as its subject while गतासून् and अगतासून् are its objects.
With this background, let’s have a closer look at each word in the Shloka.
अशोच्यान् – This word is an object to the verb ‘अन्वशोचः’ and hence the 2nd Vibhakti, Singular form is applied to the word ‘अशोच्य’ which means “not worthy of being grieved” in English and ‘जो शोक के योग्य नहीं हैं’ in Hindi.
The Shabd Roop will be similar to ‘बाल’
| बालम् | बालौ | बालान् |
अन्वशोचः – Verb meaning “grieve” in English and ‘शोक करना’ in Hindi. This form is the लङ्-लकार (Past Tense) 2nd Person, Singular form of the root verb ‘शुच्’ – which yields the verb form ‘अशोचः’. The verb also has a prefix अनु which finally yields the form ‘अन्वशोचः’
The Dhatu Roop for the लङ्-लकार, 2nd Person are as follows:
| अशोचः | अशोचतम् | अशोचत |
Personally I do not remember Dhatu Roop of all the tenses (लकार). However as I have pointed out earlier, generally when I find a verb prefixed with ‘अ’ – I have mostly found it to be in the Past Tense or लङ्-लकार. The Person and Vachan can then be determined from the usage. I am sure this is not a consistent rule but it’s a useful tip for arm chair Sanskrit enthusiasts like me.
त्वम् – Subject of the just encountered verb ‘अन्वशोचः’ and hence it takes the 1st Vibhakti, Singular form. This word takes the form of 2nd Person pronoun ‘युष्मद्’ and the Shabd Roop are as follows:
| त्वम् | युवाम् | यूयम् |
प्रज्ञावादान् – Root word is ‘प्रज्ञावाद’ meaning “intellectual talks” and the word is object of the verb ‘भाषसे’. Hence the 2nd Vibakti, Plural form is applicable.
The Shabd Roop will be similar to ‘बाल’
च – Meaning “and”
भाषसे – Root word is ‘भाष्’ which is a verb meaning “to speak”. This is the Present Tense (लट्-लकार), 2nd Person, Singular form of the verb. The subject ‘त्वम्’ of this verb is implied by the usage of 2nd Person form.
The Dhatu Roop are as follows:
| भाषसे | भाषेथे | भाषध्वे |
Please note that the Atmanepade form of the verb is used here.
गतासून् – The root word is ‘गतासु’ which is in turn composed of ‘गत’ meaning “gone” in English and ‘असु’ meaning “breath” in English. Therefore the word ‘गतासु’ means “the one whose breath is gone” or “the dead” in English. In Hindi the word means ‘जिसके प्राण चले गये’.
This word is an object of the verb ‘अनुशोचन्ति’ and hence the 2nd Vibhakti, Singular form is applicable here.
The Shabd Roop will be similar to गुरु :
| गुरुम् | गुरू | गुरून् |
अगतासून् – Opposite of ‘गतासून्’. The meaning of the word is therefore “one whose breath is not gone” or “the living” in English. All explanations regarding the syntax are identical to ‘गतासून्’
च – Meaning “and”
न – Meaning “no”
अनुशोचन्ति – This word is a form of the verb ‘शुच्’ (already encountered earlier in this very Shloka) – meaning “grieve” in English. The 3rd Person, Plural form of the ‘लट् लकार’ or the Present Tense of the verb gives us the form ‘शोचन्ति’ which has ‘अनु’ added as a prefix.
The Dhatu Roop for the ‘लट् लकार’ for the 3rd person are as follows:
| शोचति | शोचतः | शोचन्ति |
पण्डिताः – Subject of the verb ‘अनुशोचन्ति’ and so the 1st Vibhakti, Plural form is applicable. The root word is ‘पण्डित’ meaning “wise men”.
The Shabd Roop will be similar to ‘बाल’
| बालः | बालौ | बालाः |
Step 3: Rearrangement of the Shloka & Stitching it all together
The rearranged and translated lines for interpretation as per the sequence of Hindi language are as follows. I have added bullets to the translated texts as many times the translated text overflows to the next line, making it difficult to correlate to the corresponding line of the Shloka.
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Of the three verbs used in the Shloka ‘अन्वशोचः’ is in the past tense – while the other two are in the present tense. While translating I have maintained the tense as used in Sanskrit. But this makes the translated text rather odd – since mixed tenses are made use of.
The rearranged and translated Shloka as per the English Language Syntax is as follows.
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Learning Sanskrit through Geeta 